How CPS Tutoring Can Help Students With Learning Disabilities

How CPS Tutoring Can Help Students With Learning DisabilitiesCPS Tutoring is one of the many ways that can help students with learning disabilities. Children with dyslexia and dyscalculia are very vulnerable to being misdiagnosed as having ADD or ADHD, which might cause them to be excluded from school. The costs of extra school time or counseling may be greater than the costs of a regular education. In other words, you're paying for services that you never receive, since it can be hard to tell the difference between ADHD and dyslexia.Stress management is another benefit that students with learning disabilities can enjoy. All students need to learn how to relax in order to function properly in school. Some students with learning disabilities may have trouble relaxing at home because of their sensory processing differences. A good tutor can help students break down and focus on one activity at a time. This type of teaching is not typically possible at home.Another benefit of getting he lp from CPS tutoring is that it allows students to use their own educational tools and time management skills. For example, some students with learning disabilities may find it difficult to get up in the morning and complete assignments. When they are in school, they must remember to do school work while staying awake.Students who do manage to get up in the morning can avoid many of the hazards associated with being late for class. Those with learning disabilities need to pay attention to their time because they often find themselves asleep when class starts. It's easier for them to stay on track if they know what time they need to be there.Students with learning disabilities also need to get up in the morning to take tests. There is no way for them to study for these tests if they cannot stay alert and stay awake. Sometimes students don't take the tests as seriously as they should. CPS tutoring can make this easier to accomplish. Some students with learning disabilities find it har d to get up in the morning. They find that they need to take breaks between classes. If they don't get enough sleep at night, they may not be able to stay alert and catch up on their sleep in the morning.The same is true for students who need to start taking tests right away. If they get enough sleep at night, they will be able to stay alert and take tests without feeling as if they are running on empty. This is why CPS tutoring is so beneficial for students with learning disabilities.It's easy to see how important it is for students with learning disabilities to get help with their studies. They might be given homework and then sent home without even knowing what the homework is for. With proper supervision and a proper curriculum, students can take home the homework and do it at home. You can help students get the best education possible with a private tutor or with a co-curriculum that includes educational and social programs.

Top teaching destinations in Africa

Top teaching destinations in Africa Are there English teaching jobs in Africa? Put it this way, with 54 countries and a population of 1.2 billion and growing there is plenty of demand for teachers in Africa! There are jobs for TEFL and licensed teachers from Cairo to Casablanca and Cape Town. As you would expect on any continent, there is also a huge range of experiences on offer. Whether you want to work in a thriving city or position yourself close to in some of the world’s most breathtaking natural beauty including beaches, mountains, deserts, and lush greenery, your perfect teaching position might well be in Africa. What kind of teaching jobs are there in Africa? There are three main kinds of teaching jobs you can find in Africa: teaching as a volunteer, paid teaching as a TEFL teacher or teaching with a teacher’s license. Teaching in Africa as a volunteer If you haven’t yet got your TEFL certificate or want to work in an African country where there isn’t a big education industry, volunteer teaching might be the way to go. There are volunteer positions available all over Africa that provide a great opportunity to go on a cultural adventure and build up your teaching skills all at the same time. Obviously, you won’t get paid in a volunteer position and you’ll probably have to fund your own flights and, possibly, living expenses. You might also have to teach in tough conditions â€" think large classes in schools that lack resources. With this in mind, you might want to chat to the school you volunteer at beforehand and see if there are any resources you should bring along with you. Where can I teach as a volunteer in Africa? Anywhere you like! If all that choice is overwhelming, think about the kind of lifestyle you’d like to experience to help you narrow it down. Researching everything from the cuisine to the climate will help you work out exactly where might be the right place for you on this vast continent. To help you get started, here are a few popular destinations: Volunteer to teach English in Rwanda In recent years Rwanda has been making big improvements to its education system, making English the primary language of instruction in schools. This means there is a demand for teachers all over the country whether you see yourself exploring jungles in the north or sipping local coffee in the capital Kigali. Check out some volunteer teaching positions in Rwanda. Volunteer to teach English in Kenya Kenya’s natural beauty makes it a hugely popular tourist destination, but there are also tons of teaching opportunities there often working with kids in rural and semi-urban areas. Check out some volunteer teaching positions in Kenya. Teaching TEFL in Africa While there aren’t as many paid TEFL positions as volunteer teaching positions, it is still possible to find them. There are plenty of private language schools in big cities including international teaching organizations like the British Council. If you have a TEFL certificate you may be able to interview and secure a job before you arrive, but this isn’t always the case and many adventurous teachers book a flight and turn up to conduct their job search in person. If you take this route, remember to check your visa status beforehand. Where can I teach TEFL in Africa? Here are some of the most established TEFL destinations in Africa: Teach English in Morocco French and Arabic speaking Morocco is known for cities steeped in history and culture and its diverse natural beauty including deserts, mountains, and beaches. Jobs are available throughout the country, with the American Language Center, British Council, and Amideastand all known to be great employers. Teach English in Egypt The historical wonders of Egypt need no introduction but beyond the pyramids there are plenty of teaching jobs in major cities Cairo and Alexandria, and some opportunities in smaller cities too. It’s more common to find a job in person than online, and in general, the cost of living should allow you a comfortable lifestyle on your teaching salary. Teach English in Senegal Senegal is a tropical, francophone country in western Africa known for its beautiful beaches and delicious cuisine. Most TEFL positions are based in the buzzing capital, Dakar. Sign up to Teach Away today for access to the latest teaching jobs around the world. Teaching in Africa with a teaching license Teaching with a teaching license is a fantastic way to experience living almost anywhere in Africa. Teachers are needed for all subjects and are usually hired on two-year contracts with regular, monthly salaries, and benefits including accommodation, roundtrip airfare, and medical insurance. Amenities may vary between urban and rural positions, and salaries vary from country to country although all should provide for a comfortable lifestyle and the opportunity to save money too. Where can I teach with a teaching license in Africa? Being a licensed teacher gives you the frankly amazing opportunity to work in private international schools all over Africa. So how about heading to Botswana, for stunning nature and friendly locals? Or maybe you can see yourself soaking up history that dates back to the very beginning of humankind in Ethiopia? Feel like exploring souks and dipping your toes in the Mediterranian in Tunisia? Or taking in the heights of Kilimanjaro and the big five in Tanzania? These options are just the tip of the iceberg. Take a look at Teach Away’s featured programs for more ideas.

How to Choose a Chemistry Pattern For Your Child

How to Choose a Chemistry Pattern For Your ChildChemistry pattern is a fun way to keep kids interested in science and math. Chemistry is an essential skill for students in the sciences, so learning this skill early on will lead to a bright future for them. But it's important that you find a suitable chemistry pattern that will meet their needs.Kids who grow up in Canada usually take at least one course in chemistry at school. Whether they're learning about acids, bases, or alkali metals, or other scientific subjects, their teachers will put them through a number of different levels of teaching. It's also very common to see students receive a different pattern in class every year.A good pattern should give your child all the information they need to learn the chemical principles and also add many other benefits as well. The right chemistry pattern could even make them more interested in science overall. Keep reading to learn more about how to choose a good chemistry pattern for your c hild.There are several factors to consider when choosing a chemistry pattern for your child. While a simple title is often enough to get children interested, a more complicated pattern might not provide enough information. So you should make sure that the pattern you choose is easy for them to understand, but also provides the necessary information.A good chemistry pattern will teach your child how to relate this new knowledge to the real world. It will explain how all of the elements form, and which can be found in the earth. It will teach them about mixtures, and what substances will react together. And if they understand the principles of chemistry, they'll probably have a good understanding of the earth's crust.You might also want to consider teaching your child different components of the periodic table. With a little help from a science kit, your child can learn all of the different elements found in the earth's crust. If your child has a science kit, then this could be a grea t way to introduce them to a new element that's just been discovered. With this sort of chemistry pattern, you might even be able to teach your child new aspects of a substance.These are just a few tips for choosing a chemistry pattern for your child. If you need help choosing a science kit for your child, then try our guide. We've got step-by-step instructions to get you started with the perfect chemistry kit for your child.

Tutoring Services Is Becoming An Important Part Of College Life

Tutoring Services Is Becoming An Important Part Of College LifeTutoring services are a valuable source of income for tutors around the world. They are becoming an important part of college life as well. With the increasing competition in higher education, many universities now require students to complete high school course work prior to entering their programs.Online tutoring helps students complete their schooling quicker. There are many benefits associated with online tutoring. For example, students can take tutoring classes from home, saving them time and money. The student can complete class assignments at their own pace, allowing them to maintain a degree and maintain a regular schedule.Tutoring also provides extra support in the form of chat sessions with students. The instructor will also be able to talk to the student and give feedback on what is taught in class. Chat sessions are very beneficial for students that need help with coursework because they get to ask questions d uring the tutoring session. When the instructor is taking a break, it is easier for the student to continue with their lessons, allowing for the tutoring sessions to flow more smoothly.Tutoring services also provide an opportunity for students to interact with others outside of their classes. For example, some students use online tutoring services as a way to improve their speaking skills and interact with other people in a group setting. This is also beneficial for the student because they receive feedback on their performance and can hear the opinions of others.Online tutoring services also provide students with extra material that is not covered in class, like reading lists, study guides, or study guides that have activities and quizzes. It is ideal for students who find it difficult to make notes and to learn through trial and error. The tutoring services also provide tips on how to avoid mistakes and become a better student.Online tutoring also provides additional information a bout academic standards, career options, and any other topics the student would want to know about. These services help the student stay on top of his or her studies and find the classes and course work they want to take. Online tutoring also allows the student to access their course work while away from school, and it keeps the student up to date with the latest happenings in their career.Tutoring is a great way for students to complete their education, stay ahead of their peers, and meet expectations of other students. The advantages are plentiful for students with the right online tutoring service.

Tutoring Services Is Becoming An Important Part Of College Life

Tutoring Services Is Becoming An Important Part Of College LifeTutoring services are a valuable source of income for tutors around the world. They are becoming an important part of college life as well. With the increasing competition in higher education, many universities now require students to complete high school course work prior to entering their programs.Online tutoring helps students complete their schooling quicker. There are many benefits associated with online tutoring. For example, students can take tutoring classes from home, saving them time and money. The student can complete class assignments at their own pace, allowing them to maintain a degree and maintain a regular schedule.Tutoring also provides extra support in the form of chat sessions with students. The instructor will also be able to talk to the student and give feedback on what is taught in class. Chat sessions are very beneficial for students that need help with coursework because they get to ask questions d uring the tutoring session. When the instructor is taking a break, it is easier for the student to continue with their lessons, allowing for the tutoring sessions to flow more smoothly.Tutoring services also provide an opportunity for students to interact with others outside of their classes. For example, some students use online tutoring services as a way to improve their speaking skills and interact with other people in a group setting. This is also beneficial for the student because they receive feedback on their performance and can hear the opinions of others.Online tutoring services also provide students with extra material that is not covered in class, like reading lists, study guides, or study guides that have activities and quizzes. It is ideal for students who find it difficult to make notes and to learn through trial and error. The tutoring services also provide tips on how to avoid mistakes and become a better student.Online tutoring also provides additional information a bout academic standards, career options, and any other topics the student would want to know about. These services help the student stay on top of his or her studies and find the classes and course work they want to take. Online tutoring also allows the student to access their course work while away from school, and it keeps the student up to date with the latest happenings in their career.Tutoring is a great way for students to complete their education, stay ahead of their peers, and meet expectations of other students. The advantages are plentiful for students with the right online tutoring service.

Essentials Of The New STAAR Tests

Essentials Of The New STAAR Tests The State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) is a series of standardized exams used by Texas public schools students to assess students academic abilities. The STAAR test is based on state standards which provide a framework for the material students should be learning in the classroom each year. The exam measures the academic achievement and learning in other words, to evaluate how well students are meeting Texas grade-level expectations. Public school students are not the only ones required to take the STAAR assessment. Any charter school, private school, or homeschooling that collects financial support from the state of Texas must complete the four-hour exam as well. The STAAR grade-level and end-of-course exams are designed to assess material covered by Texas official, state-mandated curriculum for kindergarten through twelfth grade. In other words, STAAR tests how well students have developed the required knowledge and abilities. STAAR is designed by Pearson Education Company, which works with teachers and the Texas Education Agency (the division of the state government responsible for public education) to insure that material is grade-appropriate. STAAR replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) in spring 2012 after the Texas State Senate abolished the TAKS exam in 2007. TAKS had been in place since 2003. Students who began 9th grade before the 2011-12 school year will continue to take the TAKS exam, and will be the last generation to do so. Students who are expected to graduate in 2015 will be the first class who must pass all of their courses as well as fulfill state-mandated end-of-course examination requirements in order to receive a diploma. STAAR tests the same subjects as the former TAKS for elementary and middle school students. Material varies by grade. Third through eighth graders are assessed on their reading and mathematical skills. Fourth and seventh graders are tested on their writing and composition abilities. Fifth and eighth graders must take a science assessment. Only eighth graders are required to complete a social studies test. Where high school students were once required to take grade-specific exams, they now must complete end-of-course exams that are subject-specific. These subjects include biology, chemistry, physics, Algebra I, geometry, Algebra II, world geography, world history, U.S. history, English I, English II, and English III. Many of TAKS policies carry over onto the STAAR exam; the two standardized tests are very similar. However, the new STAAR is much more rigorous than the previous TAKS. It is designed to measure individual performance in various subjects as well as academic growth. Texas STAAR exam assists educators and parents in determining whether students are making satisfactory progress towards acquiring the necessary academic knowledge and skills. State law mandates that students must possess the sufficient skills in order to graduate. Test results are used as part of an accountability system for public schools to insure that the proper, grade-appropriate curriculum is being used in classrooms across the state. STAAR test results will also let parents and educators know if students may need additional support or educational assistance in order to succeed in the classroom and beyond.

Learning German the Basics of Grammar

Learning German the Basics of Grammar German Lessons: An Overview of German Grammar ChaptersContrasting English and German GrammarLearning German Gender and CasesHow To Master German Sentence StructureGerman Verb TensesSome Books To Help You With Your German CoursesIf you want to learn German, you have to get used to the fact that German is a foreign language. As you are an educated person, this may seem obvious, yet many a language student has given up because they didn’t realise just how much work taking language courses can be.It’s not simply a question of learning vocabulary - the grammar is different, too.Things that seem self-evident to us in English - such as the order of words in a sentence - are suddenly very different in German. Here are some examples, and a few tips for books on learning German to get you started. But you can learn german online too.Find a German language course London.The Everything Essential German Book” and Collins Easy Learning Complete German all offer chapters sorted according to parts of speech.For more visual learning, child ren’s books and illustrated dictionaries are a must, for example from the Usborne language series or Gisela Specht and Juliane Forßmann’s “Bildwörterbuch Deutsch”. There are even some illustrated flashcards by Berlitz.

Different Accounting Exams

Different Accounting Exams There Are So Many Ways To Use Your Accounting Degree ChaptersACA Associated Chartered AccountantICAEW Chartered Accountant QualificationCPA Certified Public AccountantCFA Certified Financial AnalystCMA Certified Management AccountantCFE Certified Fraud ExaminerIf you’re already studying accounting at university, or are considered studying accounting at a bachelor’s or master’s level, then it’s always worth spending some time thinking about where your accounting degree could take you.Understandably, some may think that an accounting degree will only help you if you want to become an accountant after university, but the fact is that accounting degrees, and subsequent qualifications, can really bolster your career prospects across a wide range of roles within the accounting, business, and finance world.Below are some of the most common qualifications that someone with a degree in accounting may pursue.Passing accounting exams may help you to travel internationally in your career. (Image Source: CC0 1.0, stokpic, Pixabay)Deloitte;K PMG; andErnst and Young.Even outside of the Big 4, there are many mid-tier professional services firms, as well as local accounting firms, and even companies within an industry that encourage their graduates to study for the ACA.This is because having the ACA after your name means that you’ve had to undertake the rigorous examination, study, as well as relevant work experience in order to achieve membership to the ICAEW.Individuals that hold an ACA work in a number of different fields, as diverse as tax, accounting, auditing, and corporate finance. Therefore, you certainly won’t be limiting your career options if you did decide to pursue the ACA.ICAEW Chartered Accountant QualificationThe ICAEW has been around for a very long time, having been founded in 1880. As a result, there are over 150,000 members of the ICAEW worldwide today, which helps to further emphasise how internationally regarded the ACA qualification is.However, it usually takes many years to fully complete the re quirements of the ACA, so it’s worth ensuring that you’ll have sufficient time to study for the exams and ensuring that you’ll be able to balance your working life, social life, and your ACA studies.The ExamsTo meet the examination requirements of the ACA, you’ll have to pass 15 exams in total, which are split across three different levels:The certificate level exams;The professional level exams; andThe advanced level exams.The certificate and professional levels contain six separate exams at each level, while the advanced level comprises  three different exams.For an indication of the types of topics you’ll cover during the exams, it’s worth knowing what each exam covers.The certificate level exams are as follows:Accounting;Assurance;Business, Technology and Finance;Law;Management Information; andPrinciples of Taxation.The professional level exams are as follows:Audit and Assurance;Business Planning;Business Strategy and Technology;Financial Accounting and Reporting;Fin ancial Management; andTax Compliance.Finally, the advanced level exams are as follows:Case Study;Corporate Reporting; andStrategic Business Management.Other Membership RequirementsIn addition to the examination requirements, to become ACA qualified you must also meet a number of other criteria, including having sufficient relevant professional work experience. For further details on what the ICAEW’s membership requirements are, please consult the ICAEW’s website.Successfully completing accounting exams could boost your future earning potential. (Image Source: CC0 1.0, kalhh, Pixabay)Scotland; andEngland.CFA Certified Financial AnalystIf you would like to work within the realm of finance, but don’t really envisage yourself taking a more traditional accountancy role, then it may be worth considering whether a career in investment management is right for you.Roles in investment management are varied, and you could end up working for a range of organisations, including investment banks, asset managers, or even private equity firms. Some may find work as a research analyst, while others work as portfolio managers or risk managers, or perhaps even take on a different role entirely.If you think the CFA could be the right qualification for you, then the best advice is to be prepared before undertaking the qualification.The CFA is broken down into three different levels â€" Level I, Level II, and Level III. To give an idea of pass rates, the June 2018 exam sitting saw:A 43% pass rate for Level I;A 45% pass rate for Level II; andA 56% pass rate for Level III.The CFA has a reputation for being difficult to pass, although that’s not to say you can’t successfully complete the CFA provided you have the commitment, dedication, and the academic aptitude for the materials.Having the CFA can really boost your career prospects in the investment management industry, and may also improve your future earning potential, so it’s certainly worth researching.Further informa tion on the CFA qualification can be found on the CFA Institute’s website.Most accounting exams take a lot of time to prepare for. (Image Source: CC0 1.0, StockSnap, Pixabay)CMA Certified Management AccountantIf you were considering management accounting as a career path, then you may prefer to undertake a more specialised qualification, rather than follow an ACA, ACCA, or CPA programme of study.If so, then a CMA qualification may be right for you.Alike the CPA, the CMA is predominantly a US-based qualification, as the CIMA, a different qualification, tends to be more common in the UK.However, if you foresee yourself working in the US in the future, then the CMA may be the way to go. The CMA is issued by the US-based Institute of Management Accountants, known as the IMA for short.In terms of the exams that you need to pass to gain the CMA qualification, the CMA exam comprises two different parts:Part One (which concerns itself with “financial reporting, planning, performance, an d control”); andPart Two (which concerns itself with financial decision making).It’s estimated that students should take 12 to 18 months to pass both parts of the exam, but you have up to three years to complete both parts if you need more time.When it comes to future career opportunities, the CMA can help management accountants get ahead in a wide variety of roles. For example, a CMA may work as a financial controller, treasurer, cost accountant, and perhaps as a chief financial officer.CFE Certified Fraud ExaminerOne specialised area that accounting graduates may consider entering is that of fraud examination.A certified fraud examiner is specifically trained to detect, and if possible, prevent, fraud in companies and businesses. They do this through a variety of techniques and skills, including being able to review a company’s financial and accounting records to see whether instances of fraud can be detected.A certified fraud examiner can work in a variety of industries, al though the most common include banking and the wider financial services, government, and the accounting industry.Discover Your Future CareerIf you want to study accounting at university, or you’re currently studying an accounting degree course, then it’s reassuring to know that there are plenty of job opportunities out there for you, both within and outside of the accounting sector.If you know that you’d like to have a career in accounting, finance, or business, but don’t know where to start, looking through the above qualifications may give you an idea of the direction in which you’d like to take your career.Generally speaking, however, to be successful in these kinds of industries, it’s worthwhile having solid numerical skills, communication skills, and analytical skills.If you feel like you need to improve on any of the above areas â€" for example, if you feel that your general knowledge of business could be better, or you’d like to improve your mathematics knowledg e â€" then you can also reach out to a tutor at Superprof for help.Superprof has an array of tutors across subjects such as maths, accounting, and business, so it’s a case of finding a tutor that specialises in the field you’d like help with. This search is made easier by the fact that you can enter your postcode to find local tutors in your area and also find tutors that are happy to provide remote tuition.

Online Probability Tutoring

Online Probability Tutoring Probability Tutors are Online Now. Get Probability Homework Help 24/7. Probability theory has found its way into almost every aspect of life, but that hasnt made it any easier to understand. The complex concepts that make up Probability can leave you scratching your head. Tutor Pace has the expert online tutors you need to solve your Probability dilemmas. Our online probability tutor are available 24/7 to guide you step-by-step through your challenges Personalized Online Probability Tutoring Unlike other online tutors, we dont lump you in with a bunch of other students during sessions. Each tutoring experience is a one-on-one interaction between you and a online Probability tutor, so you get all the attention you need to grasp important concepts. Probability Homework Help Everyone has had the experience of getting stumped on homework. Our online tutors are always ready to walk you through each problem and help you grasp the theories you need to solve even the most difficult problems. In addition to homework help, you can: Study for an upcoming test Go over a concept from earlier in the year Get help for a project or assignment Verify a homework answer you are unsure of Learn advanced Probability concepts Tutor Pace is committed to your success, and we guarantee our tutors will give you greater confidence toward your studies. Sign up now and earn the grades you deserve.

Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics Fluid Dynamics Physics is the branch of Science that explains us all about matter and energy. This is an important branch as our everyday life includes physical activities which knowingly or unknowingly incorporate the applications of physics. Fluid Mechanics is the branch of Physics which deals with the study of fluids at rest or in motion, and also explains the behavior of fluids with solids and with other fluids. Fluid Mechanics is further divided into 2 important branches known as Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics. The branch of Fluid Mechanics which studies about the behavior of fluids at rest is known as Fluid Statics, and the branch that studies the behavior of fluids in motion is known as Fluid Dynamics. This study involves concepts from various sections such as: a) Hydrodynamics: The study of motion of fluids that can usually be approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, or gases at low speeds) is known as Hydrodynamics. Hydraulics comes under this section where liquid flow in pipes and open channels are studied. b) Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of gases over objects such as automobiles, aircrafts, or rockets at high or low speeds is known as Aerodynamics. c) Gas Dynamics: The study of the flow of fluids that involves changes in fluid density is known as Gas Dynamics. d) Meteorology, Hydrology and Oceanography involve the study of flow of the fluids that occur in the atmosphere, on Earth or in the oceans and seas. What is a Fluid? Fluids are substances that deform continuously (have no fixed shape) under the influence of external pressure. Since liquids and gases have such a property of deforming or changing shape even by the slight application of pressure, they are known as Fluids. Therefore fluids are classified as the substances that are in the liquid or in the gas phase. Some of the common terms used in the study of the fluids are given below: i) Stress: This is defined as the Force per unit Area. Stress is also referred to as Pressure. The maximum amount of stress a material can tolerate before it breaks is known as the breaking stress. Stress = Force/ cross-sectional Area = F/A The standard unit of Force is taken as Newton (N) and Area in m2 and hence Stress is measured in N/m2 or Pascal (Pa). ii) Normal Stress: The normal or perpendicular component of force acting on the surface of the substance is known as the Normal Stress. iii) Shear Stress: The tangential component of force acting on the surface of the substance is known as the Shear Stress. This implies that here the force acting on the substance is parallel to the surface of the substance. The fluids at rest have zero shear stress, and therefore only normal stress is considered in this case. Properties of Fluids: a) In liquids, molecules move relative to each other but the volume remains constant. This is because of the strong cohesive forces present in between the liquid molecules. Due to this property of liquids, they take up the shape of whichever container they are placed in. For instance, if a liquid is placed in a regular bottle, it takes up the shape of the bottle. If the same liquid is poured into a huge vessel, it takes up the shape of the vessel. b) Unlike liquids, gases do not have the property to take up the shape of the container. Due to weaker cohesive forces in between the gas molecules, they occupy the entire available space. Gases have the property to spread and expand, until they encounter the walls of the container. c) Liquids have the property of forming a free surface when placed in a large open container, as shown in the figure below. d) Unlike liquids, gases do not form a free surface when placed in an open container. They have the tendency to expand and thus occupy the entire available space. e) The molecules in a solid are tightly packed together and are arranged in a pattern thus forming a rigid shape as shown in the figure above. The liquid molecules are not as tightly packed as solids. Liquids molecules have the opportunity to translate (move in straight directions) or rotate. f) Unlike both solids and liquids, the gas molecules are usually placed far apart from each other and therefore gases do not have any shape. Due to this property, gas molecules do not have any pattern or ordering in between the molecules. The study of Fluid Dynamics is applied in various fields such as: Power plants, Boats and ships, Aircrafts and rockets, human body, automobiles, wind turbines, Plumbing system, industrial applications, natural flows and weather updates etc. Types of Fluid Flows: 1) Viscous Flow: The continuous steady flow of fluids, where the effects of friction are significant. 2) Inviscid Flow: This is the type of flow considered for an ideal fluid in which no friction is considered. Viscosity is the measure of a fluids resistance to flow. An inviscid flow is considered to have no viscosity. 3) External flow: This is the flow of a fluid over any substance where the flow is not bounded by any material. 4) Internal flow: The flow of a fluid when bounded by some kind of material is known as the internal flow. The flow of fluids through pipes, ducts or any solid material is an example of internal flow. 5) Incompressible flow: If there are no significant changes in the density of the flowing fluid, then such a flow is known as the Incompressible flow. This implies that the density of the flowing fluid remains nearly constant though out its motion. Example of an incompressible flow is the liquid flow. 6) Compressible flow: If there are significant changes in the density of the flowing fluid, then such as flow is known as the Compressible flow. Compressible flows are usually observed to be flows with high-speed. Example of a compressible flow is the flow of high speed gases. Mach Number: This is a quantity which represents the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of the sound of that medium. Mach number is a dimensionless quantity and is extremely useful to analyze compressible flow in rockets, space crafts and various other systems that involve high speed gas flow. Mach Number (Ma) = Speed of flow / Speed of sound = V/c 7) Forced flow: When a fluid is forced to flow over a surface or through any pipe using external means such as a pump, or a fan etc, then such a flow is known as the Forced flow. 8) Natural flow: When there is fluid motion due to natural causes such as buoyancy etc, then that flow is known as the natural flow. The flow in pipes can be divided into 3 categories: i) Laminar Flow: This type of flow is an ordered fluid flow which is characterized by smooth layers of the fluid. This flow can be generally observed in small pipes where in the velocity of the flow is less. Example: Highly viscous fluids such as oils, honey etc at low velocities typically move in laminar flow. ii) Turbulent flow: The fluid motion that usually occurs at high velocities and which is characterized by velocity changes is known as the Turbulent flow. Example: Fluids having low viscosity such as air when flowing at high velocities typically move in turbulent flow. iii) Transitional flow: The fluid motion in which both laminar flow and turbulent flow can be observed is known as the Transitional flow. Bernoullis Principle: Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician and physicist has stated the principle describing the behavior of the flowing fluids. According to the Bernoullis principle, in the regions where the fluid pressure is lowered the fluid flows velocity is increased. Conversely, if the fluid pressure in a region is increased, then the fluid flows velocity decreases. This defines the inverse relationship between pressure and the flow velocity of a fluid. Bernoullis principle is a statement which comes as a consequence of the Conservation of Energy. The Bernoullis equation is given as follows: P1 + 1/2v12 + gh1 = P2 + 1/2v22 + gh2 This equation can also be written in short as: P + 1/2v2 + gh = constant Here, P = Pressure (pronounced as rho) = density v = velocity of the fluid flow g = acceleration due to gravity h = elevation Some of the applications of Bernoullis Principle are: Bernoullis principle is most importantly observed in the structure of an airplane. The wings of an air plane are constructed in such a way that it regulates the air on the bottom of the wing. This is achieved by constructing the top of the wing little curved, keeping the bottom of the wing flat. During an air flight, air blows concurrently across both top and the bottom of the wing. But because of the curved top part, the air on the bottom side of the wing moves slowly. According to Bernoullis principle, lower velocity of a fluid creates higher pressure. Therefore higher pressure is exerted at the bottom of the wing, whereas due to greater air velocity at the top of the wing lower pressure is generated on top. The higher pressure at the bottom of the wing helps create the lift for the airplane and allows the plane to fly. Bernoullis principle is used while sailing. It is not always true that the wind drags along the sailing boat in the sea. Many times the boat does not travel in the direction of the wind. In those situations Bernoullis principle is applied wherein just like airplanes, this principle is used in the construction of a sail boat. A sail boat has the keel constructed at its bottom so that maximum air flow is achieved by the low pressure created by the sail and this increases the speed due to which it lets the sailboat travel in the direction it has to. Bernoullis principle can be used to understand why a person is pulled towards a fast train moving towards him. A fast moving train creates a low pressure in between the person and the train, however the pressure on the other side of the person is greater. This greater pressure on the other side of the person is responsible for pushing the person towards the train. Hence it is highly suggested for people to keep a distance from an approaching train. Pascals Law: Blaise Pascal was a French scientist and he has put forward the Pascals law which states that in an enclosed fluid at rest, whenever there is an increase in pressure at any point in that fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the fluid. This implies that an external pressure in an enclosed fluid in a container transmits equal pressure throughout the fluid in the container. Hydraulic systems are best examples of how Pascals law is applied in the real world. In a hydraulic system, pressure applied on one piston exerts equal amount of pressure on the other piston as well. Now we know that Pressure is defined as the force per unit of the cross-section area. Pressure = Force/ Area == P = F/A. This also gives us that: F = P * A Here we can observe if the pressure is kept constant, then the Force applied is directly proportional to the Area. Now, in a hydraulic system we know that the pressure exerted will be the same on both pistons due to the principle of Pascals law. Therefore, if the area of the second piston is 10 times larger than the first piston, then the force exerted on the second piston also becomes 10 times greater than the force on the first piston. So therefore just by applying a small amount of force on the first piston, the second piston having larger area experiences greater force due to which it can be used to lift heavy objects. The diagram below illustrates this principle. Story of Archimedes and the Archimedes Principle: Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician, and he is most famously known for stating the principle about the objects immersed in a fluid. According to Vitrivius (a Roman author), a golden crown for a temple had been made for the ruling King Hiero II. With no trust on the goldsmith, Archimedes was asked to investigate whether the crown was made of pure gold or whether any silver has been substituted by the goldsmith. Since the crown was to be offered to the Gods, Archimedes could not melt it or damage it any way in order to solve the problem. Vitrivius described that one day when Archimedes got into a bath tub as usual for a regular bath, he observed that the more his body sank into the water, more the water level rose in the tub. He then immediately realized that this effect can be used in order to determine whether the golden crown was indeed made of gold or not. Solution to the Crown Problem: Archimedes filled a large vessel with water to the very top and dropped a silver mass into it. The amount of water that overflowed was equal in volume to that of the mass of the silver that sunk into the vessel. Archimedes now refilled the vessel with water and this time he dropped a mass of gold into the vessel. He observed the amount of water that overflowed this time (since gold is denser that silver, the same weight of gold takes up less amount of volume). After refilling the vessel once again, Archimedes finally took the crown and dropped it into the vessel. He observed that more amount of water overflowed for the crown, than the amount of water that was overflown for the mass of gold. This implied that silver was added into the crown due to which the crown was less dense than that of just gold. It is said that Archimedes was so excited about this discovery that he forgot to even dress, and simple ran out of the tub naked to the streets crying Eureka! Eureka! (meaning I have fou nd it!). Therefore, Archimedes clearly proved that the goldsmith was dishonest in making the crown. Archimedes Principle: As a result of the above mentioned observation by Archimedes, the Archimedes Principle states that an object immersed in a fluid experiences a force known as the Buoyant Force, which is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Buoyant Force: Whenever a rigid object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, then the object experience an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. This upward force is known as the Buoyant Force. This can be understood by observing that the object has occupied the space that initially was covered with the fluid. Fluid pressure generates a net upward force and since the object is now immersed, the same upward force now acts on the object. Equation of Buoyant Force can be written as: FB = fluid * Vsubmerged * g Here = density of the fluid V = volume of the submerged object g = acceleration due to gravity The principle of buoyancy helps us understand how objects like boats, ships etc can float in water.